# A little quick [debian] lookup, ``handy to grep in'' file
# http://www.rdrs.net/document/ 
# last update, Sun Sep 11, 2005
#

#
# kernel 
cd src/kernel.???/
make (x|menu)config
make dep
make clean
make bzImage
make modules
make modules_install
mv arch/i386/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-kernel???
# adapt /etc/lilo.conf & run lilo
# note: lilo; ctrl-esc
#     : make mrproper = default kernel-config restore

#
# strace
strace -p `pidof APAtCHy[sErver]` # attach to a running process
strace -c  myprogram     # report summary

#
# Promise ULTRA ATA/133 controller and linux kernel...
# For 2.4 kernels Either download the [closed source] patch from the 
# vendor's website or enable the; 
# 'PROMISE PDC202{46/62/65/67/68}'
# option in you kernel configuration under ATA/IDE/MF/RLL support.. 

#
# Create a chroot [on debian]
mkdir /tmp/virtual 
cd /tmp/virtual/ 
tar zxvf <mirror>/debian/dists/unstable/main/disks-i386/current/base2_2.tgz 
cp /etc/apt/sources.list /tmp/virtual/etc/apt/ 
cp /etc/resolv.conf /tmp/virtual/etc/ 
chroot /tmp/virtual/ bin/bash 
apt-get update 
dpkg --purge lilo 
# !NOTE! 
# 1. You might want to create a 2d proc system
#    and/or an 2d /dev/ directory
#    Because on systems where for example sockets are implemented on top of 
#    streams e.g. Sys V based systems, the socket() function will actually be 
#    opening special files in /dev/.
# 2. Symlinks do not work within chrooted enviroments.
#    Use `mount --bind' or `mount -o bind' instead. [Linux Kernel >= 2.4]

#
# groff/nroff & man pages
# convert a man page to ascii/text
groff -Tascii -man program.1
nroff -man < program.1 > program.1.txt
# or..
man 3 printf | col -b
# produce postscript...
man -t troff >troff.man.ps
# Using `Make' & man pages
manpages: foo.n foo_short.n
foo.n: foo_master.n
        nroff -Tlatin1 foo_master.n | sed -e '/^$/d' > foo.n
foo_short.n: foo_master.n
        nroff -Tlatin1 -nSHORT=1 foo_master.n | sed -e '/^$/d' > foo_short.n

#
# convert .pdf files to .txt files
ls -1 *.pdf | while read file ; do ps2ascii $file ${file%%pdf}txt ; done

#
# convert .chm wintendo format to .html
# in DOS
hh.exe -decompile c:\output_folder c:\documentation.chm
# one could convert the .html output to .pdf with an
# utility called DocBook, for GNU/Linux, Unix

#
# gprof
gcc -static -v -g -pg -lc_p myprogram.c -o myprogram
./myprogram
gprof ./myprogram gmon.out 

#
# mpatrol
gcc ./program.c -include /usr/include/mpatrol.h  \
                -L/usr/include/mpatrol  \
                -lmpatrol  \
                -lelf  \
                -o program
mpatrol --dynamic ./program
# now read the logfile in current dir

#
# memwatch
# #include "memwatch.h"
gcc -DMEMWATCH -DMW_STDIO program.c memwatch.c -o program
# now read the logfile in current dir: memwatch.log

#
# dump obj.
objdump --source -a -x -d -s -r -G -t /bin/mkdir
strings /bin/mkdir
nm
readelf

#
# gdb
gcc -ggdb 
gdb program
(gdb) set args '-H -T -v'
(gdb) run
(gdb) help run

#
# splint
splint +posixlib -I /path/for/inclusion/ -weak
splint -help topic

#
# Samba 
smbpasswd -a user
-a user        # user add
-e user        # user enable

#
# Options to increase speed with Samba
socket options = TCP_NODELAY SO_SNDBUF=8192 SO_RCVBUF=8192
# !NOTE!
# this will disable the Nagle buffering algorithm plus the speed
# increase is very minimal.
# The Nagle algorithm groups together as much data as it can 
# inbetween ACK's from the other end of the connection
# Search for Nagle at google for more info ...

#
# locking out non-root users
# disable all user logins (except for root) without taking down
# the system into maintenance mode create a file: 
/etc/nologin.
# The content of this file will be displayed when a user tries to log in.

#
# mount 
mount -w -t smbfs -o username=user,password=passwd //host/c /mnt/c
# Msdos to linux 
net use Disk_name: \\pc_name\dir passwd

#
# change owner 
chown name.name file
chown -R    # Recursive 

#
# dpkg 
# To make a local copy of the package selection states:
dpkg --get-selections > myselections

#
# Transfer  this  file  to another computer, and
# install it there with:
dpkg --set-selections < myselections

# .deb packages are just ar files....
#
# view contents of .deb-package
ar -t src/unhtml_2.2-5.deb..deb

#
# unpack contents of .deb package
ar -x ar -t src/unhtml_2.2-5.deb..deb

#
# beep 
# turn system beep off
# if it doesn't work, replace the \e with \033
echo -e "\e[11;0]"
# To set another frequency
echo -e "\e[10;<some_freq>]"
# Set the duration (must be < 2000 miliseconds)
echo -e "\e[11;<duration_in_millisecs>]"

#
# terminal bell in bash 
# get a key-list + save it to my_file
bind -v > my_file
# set bell-style none - in my_file
# in bashrc
bind -f .my-file

#
# Tera Term & Vi Improved background color.
# To get rid of white background when
# working with vim from Tera-Term
# set TERM to `vt100' instead of `linux'
# in your shell start-up files.

#
# inet.d 
swat            stream  tcp     nowait.400      root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/sbin/swat
smtp            stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/exim  in.exim -bs
# Exim as deamon only when requested. To slow for my 386 :( grrr waf, waf
/etc/init.d/inetd    #(restart|reload|start|stop)

#
# mail 
mail [user] -s [subject] < [file]
mail [user] -s [subject] < /dev/null >
EOF   # End session (ctrl-d) or `.'
# from the command line with other programs...
echo -e 'Subject: test\nhello this is a test' | /usr/sbin/exim name@domain.com
pine -url 'mailto:billy@kristal.com?subject=a%20subject&body=the%20body'

#
# Exim boot & DNS
# if exim hangs for about 2min's during boot and have no network, 
# add the following line to: /etc/exim4/update-exim4.conf.conf
dc_minimaldns='true'
# and execute. update-exim4.conf

#
# ping 
ping -fs 9999 175.1.44.255
-f = flood     # ok
-s = packet size  # max=
-l = preload      # (need to have root priveleges) 
-f = predefined hex  # -f ff
# return 0 =UP - return 1 =DOWN - return 2 =ERROR

#
# Find out MSN messenger ip address of other people
# open up MSDOS console and type 
netstat -n 3 
# now send the specific user a file ...
# voila; the new ip address is in the MSDOS window

#
# IP nr to base 10 
192.168.1.200
$1=192 $2=168 $3=1 $4=200
echo $1|awk -F. '{print $1" * 256^3 + "$2" * 65536 + "$3"  * 256 + "$4}'|bc

#
# netcat
# What's that site running ?
echo -en "HEAD / HTTP/1.0\n\n" | nc localhost 80 | egrep "^Server:.*$"
# a server running on port 2000
nc -l -p 2000
# tcp port scanner
nc -vz localhost 1-1024
# udp port scanner
nc -vz -vur -i 1 -w 2 localhost 1024 108-112
# Retrieve stats from ADSL modem speedtouch with netcat
printf "\r\n\r\n%s\r\n\r\nexit\r\n" 'ip aplist' | nc -t -v modem

#
# stty 
stty sane # reset
stty -echo     # turn echo off (password like)
stty echo      # turn echo on

#
# find 
find . -name '*.mp3' -exec rm '{}' \;
find . -size 0 -exec rm -i {} \;
find '[.]'
# find last modified file
find / -ctime -1 -print         
# find world writable files
find / -perm -2 ! -type l -ls 
# remove anything older than 14 days 
find $HOME/foo -mtime +14 -exec rm {} \; 
find / -group lefox -exec rm -i {} \;
# upper --> lower
find . -type d -print | xargs rename 'tr/A-Z/a-z/;' 
find / -name 'foo'[$]
find . -type d -maxdepth 1
# find jpg's smaller than 40k and remove them
find . -type f -name '*.jpg' -size -40k -print -exec rm '{}' \; 
# find object files larger than 1MB not accessed in a year
find /users -type f -name "*.o" -size +1048576c -atime +365 -print
# List all C source files sorted by number of lines
find . -name "*.c" -print | xargs wc -l | sort -nr
# Recursive thumbnail conversion
find . -name '*.jpg' -print | while read file ; do convert -geometry 120x90
"$file" "${file%/*}/thumb_${file##*/}" ; done
# display inode nr of file: ls -i *
# find the file associated with it, and remove it by inode nr.
find . -inum 615383 -exec rm '{}' \;
# find files modified 3 days ago
find . -mtime 3 -print
# find files modified inbetween 9 and 11 days ago
find . -mtime +9 -mtime -11 -print

#
# locate
locate foo
# (update database (redhat)) Or updatedb (debian)
locate -u

#
# telnet to smtp-port 
helo test
mail from: <my.domain>
rcpt to: <root>
data
just a test
.
to: root
quit

# fetch a file with telnet.. 
telnet to remote machine
uuencode myfile 
disconnect
use your screen buffer to cut and past
the previous output into a target file
now use uudecode 
done ...

#
# Formail
# print all the from addresses 
formail -Y -czxFrom: -s < ~/mail/spam/spam

#
# bash-prompt 
# Some of the codes that can go in your bash-prompt are:
+ \d the date (day-of-the-week month day)
+ \h the hostname (without the domain)
+ \n start a new line
+ \u the current username
+ \w the working directory

#
# Personal prompt:
PS1='`date +%H:%M` [tty`tty | cut -c10`] \u:\w\$ '

#
# reset terminal
# bash
reset 
stty sane

#
# Or
# '^O' (control-O) at the beginning of your prompt ($PS1).  
# This automatically changes the charset back as soon as my prompt starts to
# print.

#
# jobs 
# show pid
jobs -l 
fg         # foreground current job [1 job]
%2         # foreground second job
pidof pppd # shows pid off pppd

#
# kill 
skill -c [command that is runnning] `pidof ???`

#
# init 
# Runlevel 0 is halt.
# Runlevel 1 is single-user.
# Runlevels 2-5 are multi-user.
# Runlevel 6 is reboot.
init -s         # single user mode

#
# apt 
apt-cache search netris
apt-get install [-s] netris

#
# system
sysctl -a
lsof

#
# rpc 
rpcinfo -p hostname

#
# last log
last
lastlog
w

#
# tar 
# remote backup
tar --file=HOSTNAME:/DEV/FILE NAME
tar -xvzf filefoo  (tar en gzip (z) combi)
# Store files in different dir at the same time.
tar -cvzf tmp.tgz -C /etc . -C /usr/local/etc .
# directory full of tar and gzipped files 
# uncompress them all at once 
#!/bin/sh
dir=.
tararray=$(ls $dir/*.tar.gz|xargs)

for file in $tararray ; do
gunzip -9c $file | tar xvf -
done
#
# backup from a list of files 
tar czvf tarfile.tar.gz -T list_file
# where list_file is a simple list of what you want to 
# include into the tar array
# example: 
/etc/smb.conf
/root/myfile
# all files into the /etc/ppp directory
/etc/ppp 
/opt/gnome/html/gnome-dev-info.html
# extract a single file from the tgz.archive to stdout
tar zxfO logs.tgz ppp.log

#
# fold 
fold -s text.txt # format text to xxx chars, break at spaces

#
# expand 
expand  # euh... expand

#
# System info 
dmesg 
w
last -20
tail -20 /var/log/messages

#
# No Mesg y blinking on all your consoles. 
# In ~/.profile:
mesg y
[ `who -T |grep "$LOGNAME\ *+" |wc -l` -ge 1 ] && mesg n

#
# RPM / deb
rpm -ivh package.rpm
rpm -ivh --replacepkgs package.rpm
rpm -e package
dpkg -i foo.deb
apt-get install foo.deb
apt-cdrom add

#
# Print
lpr -#1 -Ppr1 foo
lpq
lpc
lprm
man sendmail | lpr
man sendmail | mpage -2 | lpr
printtool  (in Xwindows)
magicfilter(config)

#
# Patches
cp patch.gz /usr/src/
cd /usr/src
zcat 'patch.gz | patch -p0'
---
diff -Naur [OLD[dir|file]] [NEW[dir|file]] > new_patch
cd directory to where patch needs to be applied
patch -p0 < new_patch
patch -p1 < new_patch
-p[0|1] directory levels, to strip or not to strip

#
# Assign multiple ip-addresses to one ethernet card.
# GNU Debian:
# add the following lines to the file /etc/network/interfaces
#
# Dummy interface
iface eth0:1 inet static
   address 192.168.1.10
   netmask 255.255.255.0
   network 192.168.1.0
   broadcast 192.168.1.255
# and at the prompt give the command:
ifconfig -a down && ifconfig -a up
# or
# You have a machine at 192.168.10.1 on device eth0.
# ifconfig eth0:1 192.168.10.2
# route add -host 192.168.10.2 dev eth0:1
# You can ping yourself at two different IPs. 
# The process can be repeated with eth0:2, :3, etc...

# Warping with the speed of arping, boom you are a box ?
#!/bin/sh
MAC=`ifconfig eth0 |awk '/HWaddr/ {print $5}'`
IP=`tcpdump -nc1 ether dst $MAC and icmp[0]=8 |awk '/echo request/
{sub(":","",$4);print $4}'`
 echo $IP

#
# Grep 
grep -in "HDIO_GETGEO_BIG" /usr/src/linux/include/linux/hdreg.h
# everything exept for foo 
grep -v foo bla.txt 
# recursive while ignoring case
grep -ir querry *
# show line B-fore and A-fter match
grep -A1 -B1 querry *

#
# news 
# post every file we can find
find . -type f -exec newspost -s "Every file we can find" -n alt.binaries.pictures
 -f noaddress@botmail.com -o no_organisation -i news.foreveryone.net "{}" \;

#
# Crontab 
crontab -e (Open with vi with current user)
MINUTE(0-59) HOUR(0-23) DAYOFMONTH(1-31) MONTHOFYEAR(1-12) DAYOFWEEK(0-6) Note 0 = Sun
*/5 * * * * mail joepie@internet.org << /dev/null #every 5 minutes a mailling..

#
# at
at -l
# list queue, same as atq
at -d job1
# delete jobs from the at queue by number, same as atrm
# --
# Run `program' once at 06:15 p.m. tomorrow:
at 6:15pm tomorrow
at> program
at> ^D
# Run commands that are listed in the file `command_list' at 
# 9 p.m. two days from now:
at -f command_list 9pm + 2 days
# remove job number 5 from the at queue
at -d 5

#
# Debian boot scripts 
#Place Script foo in /etc/init.d 
update-rc.d foo defaults 91
#Link to script foo is now being made in 
# /etc/rc[2-5].d as sfoo and kfoo (start & kill), 
# 91 is time

#
# split files 
# Cut file foo in pieces of 100kb 
split --bytes=100k foo foofoo
# split c code into separate routines
csplit -k test.c '%main(%' '/^}/+1' {20}

#
# Concatinating Files foofoo?? 
cat foofoo* >> foo

#
# a Floppy image 
cat < /dev/fd0 > /tmp/flop

#
# Date 
# Change Date (make sure to execute all the commands)
date --set "11/23/00 11:19:00"
echo "" > /etc/adjtime
hwclock --systohc

#
# forgot root-passwd (lilo) 
# while booting
linux init=/bin/bash rw 
# or 
linux init=/bin/bash ro 
erase passwd at /etc/passwd or in /etc/shadow
Reboote

#
# Squid 
squid -k shutdown #Squid-cache rebuild:
rm -rf /var/spool/squid/*
squid -z   (=build the directory-structure again)
squid -k reconfigure

#
# NcFTP 
ncftpput -u user -p xxxxx ftp.xs4all.nl WWW sandwich.html
ncftpget -u user -p xxxxx ftp.xs4all.nl ~ WWW/sandwich.html

#
# Arghh nr's 
hexadecimal:
decimal      >>>  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
hexadecimal  >>>  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9  A  B  C  D  E  F

2DA  -->   730    (decimal)
10 * 1   =  10    (16 power 0)
13 * 16  = 208    (16 power 1)
2  * 256 = 512 +  (16 power 2)
---------------
730

binairy:
10010111   -->    151 (decimal)
1 * 1   =   1
1 * 2   =   2
1 * 4   =   4
0 * 8   =   0
1 * 16  =  16
0 * 32  =   0
0 * 64  =   0
1 * 128 = 128 +
---------------
          151

binary:
-------------------------------------------
|           double or long word           |
-------------------------------------------
|                   |        word         |
-------------------------------------------
|         |         |         |    byte   |
-------------------------------------------
|    |    |    |    |    |    |    |nibble|
-------------------------------------------
| 11010111| 11001010| 1111001 |1110| 1001 |
-------------------------------------------

         NAME         SIZE IN BITS   SIZE IN BYTES     VARIABLE SIZE IN C  
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| nibble              | 4 bits       | ½ byte        | not available         |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| byte                | 8 bits       | 1 byte        | char                  | 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| word                | 16 bits      | 2 byte        | unsigned integer      |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| double or long word | 32 bits      | 4 byte        | unsigned long integer |
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# base 64 encoding.
# each character of an encode string
# represents six bits of an input word. 
# Symbol table:

    0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7 
0   .  /  0  1  2  3  4  5  
8   6  7  8  9  A  B  C  D  
16  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  
24  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  
32  U  V  W  X  Y  Z  a  b  
40  c  d  e  f  g  h  i  j  
48  k  l  m  n  o  p  q  r  
56  s  t  u  v  w  x  y  z  

#
# Bash History 
# Equivalent to recall-function from Vax
alias r='fc -s' (in .bashrc) 
# Bash commandline
!ss 
history
man history
[CTRL-r]

#
# scp 
scp sed.html  user2@host:~/sed.html 
scp -r user1@hot.net:~/ .   # copy all,....

#
# Upper to lowercase
sed y/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz/ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ/ 
sed s/[a-z]/[A-Z]/g

#
# tr 
tr [:upper:] [:lower:]
# Convert DOS to UNIX tekstformat
# Dos newline = \r\n
# Unix newline = \n
tr -d '\015' < filename > newfile
# Remove multiple blank spaces
tr -s ' ' ' ' < test.txt    
# To rot 13
tr '[A-Za-z]' '[N-ZA-Mn-za-m]'
# From rot 13
tr '[N-Z][A-M][n-z][a-m]' '[A-M][N-Z][a-m][n-z]'
# delete all character Except vowels 
tr -dc aeiou
# Example from the tr manpage:
# Replace all characters that are not a letter `-c'
# with a newline `\n' and then squeeze multiple 
# newlines into a single newline `-s'. 
# The * after \n means as many repetitions as needed.
tr -cs '[A-Z][a-z]' '[\n*]'
# substitude all non-printable characters except for 
# cntrl chars with an underscore
tr -sc '![:print:][:cntrl:]' '_'
# Remove [multiple] blank lines
cat -s < foo.txt | sed '/^[[:space:]]*$/d'

#
# another rot 13
#! /bin/sed -f
y/nopqrstuvwxyzabcdefghijklm/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz/

#
# sed 
<[^>]*>     # HTML-tagging match
^.*$        # whole sentence
^.*\.html   # Equivalent to "*.html" in the shell.
££*         # more than one space "£" indicates a "space".
^$          # Empty line

#
# swap fields
echo 'this is a string' | sed 's/^\([a-z]*\) \([a-z]*\) \([a-z]*\) \([a-z]*\)/\3 \4 \1 \2/'
output: a string this is

#
# mime
sed -n '/------=_NextPart_/,/==$/!p'

#
# remove most HTML tags (accommodates multiple-line tags)
sed -e :a -e 's/<[^>]*>//g;/</N;//ba'

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
HANDY ONE-LINERS FOR SED (Unix stream editor)               Mar. 23, 2001
compiled by Eric Pement <pemente@northpark.edu>               version 5.1
Latest version of this file is usually at:
   http://www.student.northpark.edu/pemente/sed/sed1line.txt
   http://www.cornerstonemag.com/sed/sed1line.txt
This file is also available in Portuguese at:
   http://www.lrv.ufsc.br/wmaker/sed_ptBR.html

FILE SPACING:

 # double space a file
 sed G

 # double space a file which already has blank lines in it. Output file
 # should contain no more than one blank line between lines of text.
 sed '/^$/d;G'

 # triple space a file
 sed 'G;G'

 # undo double-spacing (assumes even-numbered lines are always blank)
 sed 'n;d'

NUMBERING:

 # number each line of a file (simple left alignment). Using a tab (see
 # note on '\t' at end of file) instead of space will preserve margins.
 sed = filename | sed 'N;s/\n/\t/'

 # number each line of a file (number on left, right-aligned)
 sed = filename | sed 'N; s/^/     /; s/ *\(.\{6,\}\)\n/\1  /'

 # number each line of file, but only print numbers if line is not blank
 sed '/./=' filename | sed '/./N; s/\n/ /'

 # count lines (emulates "wc -l")
 sed -n '$='

TEXT CONVERSION AND SUBSTITUTION:

 # IN UNIX ENVIRONMENT: convert DOS newlines (CR/LF) to Unix format
 sed 's/.$//'               # assumes that all lines end with CR/LF
 sed 's/^M$//'              # in bash/tcsh, press Ctrl-V then Ctrl-M
 sed 's/\x0D$//'            # gsed 3.02.80, but top script is easier

 # IN UNIX ENVIRONMENT: convert Unix newlines (LF) to DOS format
 sed "s/$/`echo -e \\\r`/"            # command line under ksh
 sed 's/$'"/`echo \\\r`/"             # command line under bash
 sed "s/$/`echo \\\r`/"               # command line under zsh
 sed 's/$/\r/'                        # gsed 3.02.80

 # IN DOS ENVIRONMENT: convert Unix newlines (LF) to DOS format
 sed "s/$//"                          # method 1
 sed -n p                             # method 2

 # IN DOS ENVIRONMENT: convert DOS newlines (CR/LF) to Unix format
 # Cannot be done with DOS versions of sed. Use "tr" instead.
 tr -d \r <infile >outfile            # GNU tr version 1.22 or higher

 # delete leading whitespace (spaces, tabs) from front of each line
 # aligns all text flush left
 sed 's/^[ \t]*//'                    # see note on '\t' at end of file

 # delete trailing whitespace (spaces, tabs) from end of each line
 sed 's/[ \t]*$//'                    # see note on '\t' at end of file

 # delete BOTH leading and trailing whitespace from each line
 sed 's/^[ \t]*//;s/[ \t]*$//'

 # insert 5 blank spaces at beginning of each line (make page offset)
 sed 's/^/     /'

 # align all text flush right on a 79-column width
 sed -e :a -e 's/^.\{1,78\}$/ &/;ta'  # set at 78 plus 1 space

 # center all text in the middle of 79-column width. In method 1,
 # spaces at the beginning of the line are significant, and trailing
 # spaces are appended at the end of the line. In method 2, spaces at
 # the beginning of the line are discarded in centering the line, and
 # no trailing spaces appear at the end of lines.
 sed  -e :a -e 's/^.\{1,77\}$/ & /;ta'                     # method 1
 sed  -e :a -e 's/^.\{1,77\}$/ &/;ta' -e 's/\( *\)\1/\1/'  # method 2

 # substitute (find and replace) "foo" with "bar" on each line
 sed 's/foo/bar/'             # replaces only 1st instance in a line
 sed 's/foo/bar/4'            # replaces only 4th instance in a line
 sed 's/foo/bar/g'            # replaces ALL instances in a line
 sed 's/\(.*\)foo\(.*foo\)/\1bar\2/' # replace the next-to-last case
 sed 's/\(.*\)foo/\1bar/'            # replace only the last case

 # substitute "foo" with "bar" ONLY for lines which contain "baz"
 sed '/baz/s/foo/bar/g'

 # substitute "foo" with "bar" EXCEPT for lines which contain "baz"
 sed '/baz/!s/foo/bar/g'

 # change "scarlet" or "ruby" or "puce" to "red"
 sed 's/scarlet/red/g;s/ruby/red/g;s/puce/red/g'   # most seds
 gsed 's/scarlet\|ruby\|puce/red/g'                # GNU sed only

 # reverse order of lines (emulates "tac")
 # bug/feature in HHsed v1.5 causes blank lines to be deleted
 sed '1!G;h;$!d'               # method 1
 sed -n '1!G;h;$p'             # method 2

 # reverse each character on the line (emulates "rev")
 sed '/\n/!G;s/\(.\)\(.*\n\)/&\2\1/;//D;s/.//'

 # join pairs of lines side-by-side (like "paste")
 sed '$!N;s/\n/ /'

 # if a line ends with a backslash, append the next line to it
 sed -e :a -e '/\\$/N; s/\\\n//; ta'

 # if a line begins with an equal sign, append it to the previous line
 # and replace the "=" with a single space
 sed -e :a -e '$!N;s/\n=/ /;ta' -e 'P;D'

 # add commas to numeric strings, changing "1234567" to "1,234,567"
 gsed ':a;s/\B[0-9]\{3\}\>/,&/;ta'                     # GNU sed
 sed -e :a -e 's/\(.*[0-9]\)\([0-9]\{3\}\)/\1,\2/;ta'  # other seds

 # add commas to numbers with decimal points and minus signs (GNU sed)
 gsed ':a;s/\(^\|[^0-9.]\)\([0-9]\+\)\([0-9]\{3\}\)/\1\2,\3/g;ta'

 # add a blank line every 5 lines (after lines 5, 10, 15, 20, etc.)
 gsed '0~5G'                  # GNU sed only
 sed 'n;n;n;n;G;'             # other seds

SELECTIVE PRINTING OF CERTAIN LINES:

 # print first 10 lines of file (emulates behavior of "head")
 sed 10q

 # print first line of file (emulates "head -1")
 sed q

 # print the last 10 lines of a file (emulates "tail")
 sed -e :a -e '$q;N;11,$D;ba'

 # print the last 2 lines of a file (emulates "tail -2")
 sed '$!N;$!D'

 # print the last line of a file (emulates "tail -1")
 sed '$!d'                    # method 1
 sed -n '$p'                  # method 2

 # print only lines which match regular expression (emulates "grep")
 sed -n '/regexp/p'           # method 1
 sed '/regexp/!d'             # method 2

 # print only lines which do NOT match regexp (emulates "grep -v")
 sed -n '/regexp/!p'          # method 1, corresponds to above
 sed '/regexp/d'              # method 2, simpler syntax

 # print the line immediately before a regexp, but not the line
 # containing the regexp
 sed -n '/regexp/{g;1!p;};h'

 # print the line immediately after a regexp, but not the line
 # containing the regexp
 sed -n '/regexp/{n;p;}'

 # print 1 line of context before and after regexp, with line number
 # indicating where the regexp occurred (similar to "grep -A1 -B1")
 sed -n -e '/regexp/{=;x;1!p;g;$!N;p;D;}' -e h

 # grep for AAA and BBB and CCC (in any order)
 sed '/AAA/!d; /BBB/!d; /CCC/!d'

 # grep for AAA and BBB and CCC (in that order)
 sed '/AAA.*BBB.*CCC/!d'

 # grep for AAA or BBB or CCC (emulates "egrep")
 sed -e '/AAA/b' -e '/BBB/b' -e '/CCC/b' -e d    # most seds
 gsed '/AAA\|BBB\|CCC/!d'                        # GNU sed only

 # print paragraph if it contains AAA (blank lines separate paragraphs)
 # HHsed v1.5 must insert a 'G;' after 'x;' in the next 3 scripts below
 sed -e '/./{H;$!d;}' -e 'x;/AAA/!d;'

 # print paragraph if it contains AAA and BBB and CCC (in any order)
 sed -e '/./{H;$!d;}' -e 'x;/AAA/!d;/BBB/!d;/CCC/!d'

 # print paragraph if it contains AAA or BBB or CCC
 sed -e '/./{H;$!d;}' -e 'x;/AAA/b' -e '/BBB/b' -e '/CCC/b' -e d
 gsed '/./{H;$!d;};x;/AAA\|BBB\|CCC/b;d'         # GNU sed only

 # print only lines of 65 characters or longer
 sed -n '/^.\{65\}/p'

 # print only lines of less than 65 characters
 sed -n '/^.\{65\}/!p'        # method 1, corresponds to above
 sed '/^.\{65\}/d'            # method 2, simpler syntax

 # print section of file from regular expression to end of file
 sed -n '/regexp/,$p'

 # print section of file based on line numbers (lines 8-12, inclusive)
 sed -n '8,12p'               # method 1
 sed '8,12!d'                 # method 2

 # print line number 52
 sed -n '52p'                 # method 1
 sed '52!d'                   # method 2
 sed '52q;d'                  # method 3, efficient on large files

 # beginning at line 3, print every 7th line
 gsed -n '3~7p'               # GNU sed only
 sed -n '3,${p;n;n;n;n;n;n;}' # other seds

 # print section of file between two regular expressions (inclusive)
 sed -n '/Iowa/,/Montana/p'             # case sensitive

SELECTIVE DELETION OF CERTAIN LINES:

 # print all of file EXCEPT section between 2 regular expressions
 sed '/Iowa/,/Montana/d'

 # delete duplicate, consecutive lines from a file (emulates "uniq").
 # First line in a set of duplicate lines is kept, rest are deleted.
 sed '$!N; /^\(.*\)\n\1$/!P; D'

 # delete duplicate, nonconsecutive lines from a file. Beware not to
 # overflow the buffer size of the hold space, or else use GNU sed.
 sed -n 'G; s/\n/&&/; /^\([ -~]*\n\).*\n\1/d; s/\n//; h; P'

 # delete the first 10 lines of a file
 sed '1,10d'

 # delete the last line of a file
 sed '$d'

 # delete the last 2 lines of a file
 sed 'N;$!P;$!D;$d'

 # delete the last 10 lines of a file
 sed -e :a -e '$d;N;2,10ba' -e 'P;D'   # method 1
 sed -n -e :a -e '1,10!{P;N;D;};N;ba'  # method 2

 # delete every 8th line
 gsed '0~8d'                           # GNU sed only
 sed 'n;n;n;n;n;n;n;d;'                # other seds

 # delete ALL blank lines from a file (same as "grep '.' ")
 sed '/^$/d'                           # method 1
 sed '/./!d'                           # method 2

 # delete all CONSECUTIVE blank lines from file except the first; also
 # deletes all blank lines from top and end of file (emulates "cat -s")
 sed '/./,/^$/!d'          # method 1, allows 0 blanks at top, 1 at EOF
 sed '/^$/N;/\n$/D'        # method 2, allows 1 blank at top, 0 at EOF

 # delete all CONSECUTIVE blank lines from file except the first 2:
 sed '/^$/N;/\n$/N;//D'

 # delete all leading blank lines at top of file
 sed '/./,$!d'

 # delete all trailing blank lines at end of file
 sed -e :a -e '/^\n*$/{$d;N;ba' -e '}'  # works on all seds
 sed -e :a -e '/^\n*$/N;/\n$/ba'        # ditto, except for gsed 3.02*

 # delete the last line of each paragraph
 sed -n '/^$/{p;h;};/./{x;/./p;}'

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS:

 # remove nroff overstrikes (char, backspace) from man pages. The 'echo'
 # command may need an -e switch if you use Unix System V or bash shell.
 sed "s/.`echo \\\b`//g"    # double quotes required for Unix environment
 sed 's/.^H//g'             # in bash/tcsh, press Ctrl-V and then Ctrl-H
 sed 's/.\x08//g'           # hex expression for sed v1.5

 # get Usenet/e-mail message header
 sed '/^$/q'                # deletes everything after first blank line

 # get Usenet/e-mail message body
 sed '1,/^$/d'              # deletes everything up to first blank line

 # get Subject header, but remove initial "Subject: " portion
 sed '/^Subject: */!d; s///;q'

 # get return address header
 sed '/^Reply-To:/q; /^From:/h; /./d;g;q'

 # parse out the address proper. Pulls out the e-mail address by itself
 # from the 1-line return address header (see preceding script)
 sed 's/ *(.*)//; s/>.*//; s/.*[:<] *//'

 # add a leading angle bracket and space to each line (quote a message)
 sed 's/^/> /'

 # delete leading angle bracket & space from each line (unquote a message)
 sed 's/^> //'

 # remove most HTML tags (accommodates multiple-line tags)
 sed -e :a -e 's/<[^>]*>//g;/</N;//ba'

 # extract multi-part uuencoded binaries, removing extraneous header
 # info, so that only the uuencoded portion remains. Files passed to
 # sed must be passed in the proper order. Version 1 can be entered
 # from the command line; version 2 can be made into an executable
 # Unix shell script. (Modified from a script by Rahul Dhesi.)
 sed '/^end/,/^begin/d' file1 file2 ... fileX | uudecode   # vers. 1
 sed '/^end/,/^begin/d' "$@" | uudecode                    # vers. 2

 # zip up each .TXT file individually, deleting the source file and
 # setting the name of each .ZIP file to the basename of the .TXT file
 # (under DOS: the "dir /b" switch returns bare filenames in all caps).
 echo @echo off >zipup.bat
 dir /b *.txt | sed "s/^\(.*\)\.TXT/pkzip -mo \1 \1.TXT/" >>zipup.bat

TYPICAL USE: Sed takes one or more editing commands and applies all of
them, in sequence, to each line of input. After all the commands have
been applied to the first input line, that line is output and a second
input line is taken for processing, and the cycle repeats. The
preceding examples assume that input comes from the standard input
device (i.e, the console, normally this will be piped input). One or
more filenames can be appended to the command line if the input does
not come from stdin. Output is sent to stdout (the screen). Thus:

 cat filename | sed '10q'        # uses piped input
 sed '10q' filename              # same effect, avoids a useless "cat"
 sed '10q' filename > newfile    # redirects output to disk

For additional syntax instructions, including the way to apply editing
commands from a disk file instead of the command line, consult "sed &
awk, 2nd Edition," by Dale Dougherty and Arnold Robbins (O'Reilly,
1997; http://www.ora.com), "UNIX Text Processing," by Dale Dougherty
and Tim O'Reilly (Hayden Books, 1987) or the tutorials by Mike Arst
distributed in U-SEDIT2.ZIP (many sites). To fully exploit the power
of sed, one must understand "regular expressions." For this, see
"Mastering Regular Expressions" by Jeffrey Friedl (O'Reilly, 1997).
The manual ("man") pages on Unix systems may be helpful (try "man
sed", "man regexp", or the subsection on regular expressions in "man
ed"), but man pages are notoriously difficult. They are not written to
teach sed use or regexps to first-time users, but as a reference text
for those already acquainted with these tools.

QUOTING SYNTAX: The preceding examples use single quotes ('...')
instead of double quotes ("...") to enclose editing commands, since
sed is typically used on a Unix platform. Single quotes prevent the
Unix shell from intrepreting the dollar sign ($) and backquotes
(`...`), which are expanded by the shell if they are enclosed in
double quotes. Users of the "csh" shell and derivatives will also need
to quote the exclamation mark (!) with the backslash (i.e., \!) to
properly run the examples listed above, even within single quotes.
Versions of sed written for DOS invariably require double quotes
("...") instead of single quotes to enclose editing commands.

USE OF '\t' IN SED SCRIPTS: For clarity in documentation, we have used
the expression '\t' to indicate a tab character (0x09) in the scripts.
However, most versions of sed do not recognize the '\t' abbreviation,
so when typing these scripts from the command line, you should press
the TAB key instead. '\t' is supported as a regular expression
metacharacter in awk, perl, and HHsed, sedmod, and GNU sed v3.02.80.

VERSIONS OF SED: Versions of sed do differ, and some slight syntax
variation is to be expected. In particular, most do not support the
use of labels (:name) or branch instructions (b,t) within editing
commands, except at the end of those commands. We have used the syntax
which will be portable to most users of sed, even though the popular
GNU versions of sed allow a more succinct syntax. When the reader sees
a fairly long command such as this:

   sed -e '/AAA/b' -e '/BBB/b' -e '/CCC/b' -e d

it is heartening to know that GNU sed will let you reduce it to:

   sed '/AAA/b;/BBB/b;/CCC/b;d'      # or even
   sed '/AAA\|BBB\|CCC/b;d'

In addition, remember that while many versions of sed accept a command
like "/one/ s/RE1/RE2/", some do NOT allow "/one/! s/RE1/RE2/", which
contains space before the 's'. Omit the space when typing the command.

OPTIMIZING FOR SPEED: If execution speed needs to be increased (due to
large input files or slow processors or hard disks), substitution will
be executed more quickly if the "find" expression is specified before
giving the "s/.../.../" instruction. Thus:

   sed 's/foo/bar/g' filename         # standard replace command
   sed '/foo/ s/foo/bar/g' filename   # executes more quickly
   sed '/foo/ s//bar/g' filename      # shorthand sed syntax

On line selection or deletion in which you only need to output lines
from the first part of the file, a "quit" command (q) in the script
will drastically reduce processing time for large files. Thus:

   sed -n '45,50p' filename           # print line nos. 45-50 of a file
   sed -n '51q;45,50p' filename       # same, but executes much faster

If you have any additional scripts to contribute or if you find errors
in this document, please send e-mail to the compiler. Indicate the
version of sed you used, the operating system it was compiled for, and
the nature of the problem. Various scripts in this file were written
or contributed by:

 Al Aab <af137@freenet.toronto.on.ca>   # "seders" list moderator
 Edgar Allen <era@sky.net>              # various
 Yiorgos Adamopoulos <adamo@softlab.ece.ntua.gr>
 Dale Dougherty <dale@songline.com>     # author of "sed & awk"
 Carlos Duarte <cdua@algos.inesc.pt>    # author of "do it with sed"
 Eric Pement <pemente@northpark.edu>    # author of this document
 Ken Pizzini <ken@halcyon.com>          # author of GNU sed v3.02
 S.G. Ravenhall <stew.ravenhall@totalise.co.uk> # great de-html script
 Greg Ubben <gsu@romulus.ncsc.mil>      # many contributions & much help
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

#
# AWK 
#
# emulate cat
awk {print}

# emulate wc.
awk { chars += length($0) + 1 ; words += NF}

# emulate wc.
awk 'END { print NR }'

# emulate grep
awk '/expression/ { print }'

# emulate grep - all letters and numbers
awk '/[a-zA-Z0-9]/ { print }'

# emulate grep - match expression only on field 3
awk '$3 ~ /[Ee]pression/ { print }'

# emulate grep - don NOT! match expression on field 3
awk '$3 !~ /[Ee]pression/ { print }'

# only print the last field
awk { print $(NF) }

# set the field seperator to a colon
awk 'BEGIN { FS = ":" }'

# find same 3 charaters in one file
awk "{ for (i = 1; i <= NF; i++) if (\$i ~ /$1.*$1.*$1/) print \$i }"

# print all input fields one per line
grep 'Expression' My.file | awk '{ for (i = 1; i <= NF; i++)print $i }'

# the fourth field is the sum of the second field and the third field.
awk '{ $4 = $2 + $3; print $0 }'

# if the third field is larger then 118, 
#then the third field holds the value of "too big".
awk '{ if ($3 > 118) $3 = "too big" ; print }'

# prints the total of the sum of each field it encounters. 
# Like field1 + field1 + field1 etc.. = sum
awk 'BEGIN {sum=0} ; {sum=sum+$1} ; END {print sum}' My.file

#########
# BEGIN and END provide a way to gain control before and after processing.
# A pattern in front of an action acts as a selector that determines whether 
# the action is to be executed.

#
# PINE 
# modify from header. Version > 4.0
# Edit .pinerc directly and add under the features list the hidden pine opion:
allow-changing-from
# More info at: http://www.ii.com/internet/messaging/pine/changing_from/

#
# PINE
# automaticly edit your signature everytime
# it gets invoked
# write a shell-script that echoe's your
# sig to stdout().
# and define your signature-file to be
signature-file = fortunesig| 
# yes; define filename, and add a pipe 
# to the end of line in configfile

#
# Passwd 
#Audit
pwck

#
# set hostname 
hostname -s

#
# ImageMagick
identify -ping ww_04.jpg
# output
ww_04.jpg 800x533 DirectClass 79kb JPEG 1s
# Convert to thumbnails
convert -geometry 120x90 picture.jpg thumb_picture.jpg
# split an animated gif into seperate images
convert +adjoin -coalesce image.gif frame%02d.gif
# Recursive thumbnail conversion ...
find . -name '*.jpg' -print | while read file ; do convert -geometry 120x90
"$file" "${file%/*}/thumb_${file##*/}" ; done
# convert a directory full of .bmp files to .png files
for file in *.bmp ; do convert $file ${file%.bmp}.png ; done
# Convert all jpg images found in directory to thumbs..
mogrify -size 120x120 -resize 120x120 +profile "*" *.jpg
# create a single index or overview of multiple images
montage -label '%f\n%b' -tile 6x24 img1.jpg img2.jpg img3.jpg index.jpg
# rotate an image
convert -rotate 90 input.jpg output.jpg
# inserting text strings into images 
convert -font helvetica -fill green \
 -pointsize 22 -draw 'text 20,80 "This is a string"' image.jpg image_with_text.jpg
# Convert images into .pdf
convert *.jpg images.pdf
# extract images from .pdf
convert images.pdf image_%02d.jpg

#
# host
host -t MX hotmail.com
Output:
   hotmail.com mail is handled by 5 mx4.hotmail.com.
   hotmail.com mail is handled by 5 mx1.hotmail.com.
   hotmail.com mail is handled by 5 mx2.hotmail.com.
   hotmail.com mail is handled by 5 mx3.hotmail.com.

#
# bash operator expansion
foo=/usr/bin/X11/startx
echo ${foo#*/}
# output
usr/bin/X11/startx
echo ${foo##*/}
# output
startx
#
#
${param:-default} 
# If param is null, param gets the value of `default'.
${#param}
# supplies the length of `param'.
${param%word}
# remove from end the smallest part from `param'
# that equals `word' and returns the remainder as result.
${param%%word}
# remove from end the biggest part from `param'
# that equals `word' and returns the remainder as result.
${param#word}
# remove from the start the smallest part of `param'
# that equals `word' and returns the remainder as result.
${param##word}
# remove from the start the longest part from `param'
# that equals `word and returns the remainder as result.
${foo:=bar}
# Test if foo is not 0 and exsist, if so, return the value of
# foo, if not the value of bar is assignend to foo and returns
# the value.
${foo:?bar}
# prints the string `foo:', if foo doesn't exsist, it stops executing
# the command if foo doesn't exsist or is 0.
${foo:+bar}
# returns bar if foo exsists and is not 0.

#
# remove lilo from the mbr from DOS
dosprompt> FDISK /MBR

#
# nano sleeping in ansi-c
man nanosleep

#
# Send WinPopup-Messages to all active hosts in a workgroup 
# This would be useful to send all active users messages like
# servers going down for reboot in x minutes".
# interpret the output of
nmblookup '*'

# Resolving from ip to netbeui as you can do with nbtstat from a M$ WIN95 box:
# nbtstat -A xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx
nmblookup -U xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx -A

#
# How to setup Netscape in a Samba environement
# Create a profile with netscape that's called default and that points
# to the user's directory in the server. mounted in L:  :  L:\default
# The profile must be called default, the directory not.
#
# copy the default directory to all the users home directory in the
# server.
#
# The file in the server : default/prefs.js holds the preferences
# of the user. You can do a script that substitutes the mail address
# for every user.
#
# Make the profiles directory be in the server (that's explained in the docs)
# that's not mandatory but it's better for my users because they can log
# in any workstation and work the same.
#
# The users home directory is mapped automatically every
# time it enters. I have addedd a [netlogon] entry in
# smb.conf and a logon script like this:
# net use L: \\MyServer\homes

#
# Cookies and Netscape [3]
rm ~/.netscape/cookies; ln -s /dev/null ~/.netscape/cookies

#
# Cookies and Netscape [4]
chmod 000 ~/.netscape/cookies

#
# Private / Intranet DNS server
# For hosts with 2 or more ethernet cards.
# Put a "listen-on" directive in your /etc/named.conf 
# (assuming you are running bind 8).
listen-on {
  192.168.0/24;
  127/8;
};

#
# Boost performance for harddisk by using 32bits transfers
# add the line to a bootup script `/sbin/init.d/boot.local'. 
hdparm -c3 /dev/hdX
# This enable 32 bit X-fer for you harddisk. 
# On some systems it boost xfer performance by 75%. 
# Test how much you gained
hdparm -t -T /dev/hdX

#
# ATX softpower switch - Turn computer off (totaly)
# Recompile the kernel (with kernel-package) and enable the APM
# features.
shutdown -h now 
# will then turn the computer off.

#
# Allowing non-root users to shutdown a Linux box.
# As root create a group shutdown.
addgroup shutdown
# Put /sbin/shutdown into the group shutdown.
chown root.shutdown /sbin/shutdown
# Change accessrights to make /sbin/shutdown setuid and disallow
# other users from executing shutdown.
chmod 4754 /sbin/shutdown
# Make a link from /bin/shutdown to /sbin/shutdown
ln -s /sbin/shutdown  /bin/shutdown
# Now anyone belonging to the group shutdown can execute shutdown but I just will
# allow the person in control of the keyboard to be able to issue the shutdown
# command. You might prefer something else.
# For the following to work you need to have "shadow password" installed.
# Edit the file login.defs. Near the end of this file locate the line
CONSOLE_GROUPS       floppy:audio:cdrom
# Remove the hashsign and add the group shutdown to this line and you get:
CONSOLE_GROUPS        floppy:audio:cdrom:shutdown
# Thats it. Everyone logged in via the console will belong to these groups so
# you need not add anyone to them. 

#
# Detecting keyboard, mouse movements
# `xev` is a program used for discovering keysyms, mouse movements, etc.  it's
# useful for determining the proper keysyms for trapping alt, shift, win95 keys,

#
# Memory tune
echo "128 256 1024" > /proc/sys/vm/freepages
# Good performance for a 32 Meg system used as a small server and
# personal workstation.

#
# pppd
# Auto-redail
# add the 'persist' option to your config files.
# It will auto-redial when disconnected.

#
# syslog
# remote logging
# start syslogd with the `-r' option. 
# Then add the syslog server to the 
/etc/syslogd.conf 
# file in the client, (use a @host syntax).
#
# syslog via ssh
# Netcat wil pipe UDP into a TCP stream. 
# On the client machine, do:
nc -l -u -p syslog | nc localhost 9999
# (as root), to bind to the syslog port
# On your syslog server end, do:
nc -l -p 9999 | nc localhost -u syslog
# Setup your ssh tunnel from port 9999 on the client machine to
# port 9999 on the syslog server machine.
# Setup syslogd on the client to log the messages to localhost. Also,
# make sure that the client syslogd is set up to not receive messages
# from the network.
# You want to filter the TCP listening port on the server to prevent
# people from DoS'ing you with `messages'.

#
# rpm
# verify .rpm files vs installation
rpm -Vp $PACKAGE_FILE_NAME
rpm -V $RPM_PACKAGE_NAME
rpm -Va

#
# accessing files that start with `-'
# -- is end of options....
rm -- `-file'
grep -- `-file.name'
grep `./-file.name'

#
# Sort
# sort on login field
sort -t: +6 /etc/passwd
# sort in reverse
sort -r < myfile

#
# Virtual hosts 
# File: /etc/network/interfaces
#

# The loopback interface
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

# The first network card - this entry was created during the Debian installation
# (network, broadcast and gateway are optional)
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
    address 192.168.1.30
    netmask 255.255.255.0
    network 192.168.1.0
    broadcast 192.168.1.255
    gateway 192.168.1.200

# alias interface
auto eth0:1
iface eth0:1 inet static
    address 192.168.1.10
    netmask 255.255.255.0
    network 192.168.1.0
    broadcast 192.168.1.255
    gateway 192.168.1.200

#
# Virtual host apache config
# File: /etc/apache/httpd.conf
#

NameVirtualHost 192.168.1.10:80
 <VirtualHost 192.168.1.10>
   DocumentRoot /var/www/virtual-2/
   ServerName 192.168.1.10
   ErrorLog  /var/log/apache/192.168.1.10-error.log
   CustomLog /var/log/apache/192.168.1.10-access.log common
 </VirtualHost>

#
# Convert Wintendo .CHM book format
#
# On your wintendo box [[or GNU/linux+wine]] open a DOS session
# enter the following command:
hh.exe -decompile output_directory documentaion.CHM 
# Later one can convert all html files to a .pdf file 
# with the program ``htmldoc''.

#
# hard disk probe
#
hdparm -i /dev/hda

/dev/hda:

 Model=QUANTUM FIREBALL SE6.4A, FwRev=API.0A00, SerialNo=336731814624
 etc..
 etc..

#
# sms_client
#
sms_client -l4 'kpn:0611100800' 'my message tekst'

#
# renice, get/setpriority 
#
# renice PID 9239 to -5
renice -5 -p 9239
# change the priority of process ID's 987 and 32, 
# and all processes owned by users daemon and root.
renice +1 987 -u daemon root -p 32

#
# ispell
ispell -D dutch
# use dutch dictionary
# produce affixes from root word
# echo BOTHER | ispell -c
BOTHER BOTHE/R BOTH/R
# reverse
echo BOTH/R | ispell -e
BOTH BOTHER

#
# Make
# show commands, do not execute
# `cd path/where/makefile/`
make -n 
# Single source file,small `Make' example
# uses script install dirs..
# `make install && make clean`
CC=gcc
FLAGS = -g -O2 -Wall -pedantic
PREFIX = /usr/local
BINDIR = $(PREFIX)/bin
MANDIR = $(PREFIX)/man/man1

all: program

main.o: program.c
        $(CC) $(FLAGS) -c program.c

main: desum.o
        $(CC) program.o -o program 

clean:
        /bin/rm -v -f program.o

install:
        sh mkinstalldirs -m 755 $(BINDIR)
        cp -v program $(BINDIR)
        chmod 755 $(BINDIR)/program
        sh mkinstalldirs -m 755 $(MANDIR)
        cp man/man1/program.1 $(MANDIR)
        chmod 644 $(MANDIR)/program.1
#
# /etc/hosts block
#
# on the wintendo.. 
# in dir.
# Windows XP = C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32\DRIVERS\ETC
# Win 98\ME = C:\WINDOWS 
# create a file named HOSTS
# add the following entry to file HOSTS
127.0.0.1 ad.doubleclick.net
# GNU/linux..
# use file /etc/hosts.deny 
# for a list of servers to deny 
# http://www.everythingisnt.com/hosts.html 
# for more info..
# http://www.windowsdevcenter.com/pub/a/windows/2004/03/30/hosts.html 
# http://www.mvps.org/winhelp2002/hosts.htm

# add,configuring locales on debian
# write names of all available locales to stdout
locale --all-locales
# reconfigure a locale..
dpkg-reconfigure locales

#
# clean/new hdd ?
umount /mnt/?mountpoint?
# remove everything..
dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hd? bs=64KB count=1
# create new partition..
[c]fdisk /dev/hd??
# make new filesystem
mkfs.ext[2|3] /dev/hde1
# mount it again..
mount /dev/hd?? /mnt/?mountpoint?
# update /etc/fstab accordingly

#
# Call to undefined function: mysql_connect()
# solution [[debian]]
1. make sure you have installed mysql, php & apache ;-)
1.1 U can use: <? phpinfo(); ?> to see if mysql is compiled with
    php, etc...
2. add to your php.ini: extension=mysql.so 
3. test if mysql.so is there /usr/lib/php4/?????
4. see if `extension_dir=??????` points to it in your php.ini
 extension_dir = "/usr/lib/php4/20010901/"
# MAKE SURE YOU USE THE QUOTES: "./my/path/" e.g. """"""""""""""""""""
# reload the apache configuration
# that's it.. it should work now..

#
# A computer.. ?? 
[[electricity => Transistors => Gates => ALU]]
* [electrons] travel through transistors.
* [transistors] are arranged to make simple gates.
* [gates,AND,OR,NOT] are simple logical functions {1 AND 1 = 1; 1 AND 0 = 0}
* [many gates are combined which makes an ALU [arithmetic-logical unit] 
  [gates can be arranged to make adders, comparitors, and multipliers] 
* an ALU is a giant unit, and its function can be selected, 
  {depending on its input A, input B, and a control signal}
* A sequence of signals can be a simple program for the ALU. 
   (Let's say you want to add A, B, and C).
  - Give input A, input B, and a control signal (ADD operation)
  - The result is A+B, call this X. Write this down.
  - Give input X, input C, and ADD
  - The result is A+B+C, which is the result we want.

#
# create a 1MB test file filled with some random bytes..
dd if=/dev/urandom of=/myfile bs=1M count=1

#
# convert .ico to xwindows xpm.. 
# 1. use convert from ImageMagick
convert pc.ico pc.xpm
# 2. edit pc.xpm and change;
static char *building[] = {
# to
static char *building_xpm[] = { 
# 3. change color HEX value's to width 6 instead of 8, done..
# [creating favicon..? google for png2ico]

#
# Terminal Scroll Lock in bash
# Lock your terminal..
Hit C-S 
# UNlock your terminal.. 
Hit C-Q

#
# Pasting into Vim and avoiding excess whitespace
#
# turn autoident off.
set noautoindent
# paste... and after turn autoindent on again
:set autoindent
# or before the paste...
:set paste
# paste... and after turn paste turn off
:set nopaste